System and method for transmission parameter control for an antenna apparatus with selectable elements

ABSTRACT

A system and method for improved data transmission on a wireless link to a remote receiving node includes a communication device for converting packets to RF at a physical data rate, an antenna apparatus having a plurality of antenna configurations for transmitting the RF, and a processor for selecting the antenna configuration and the physical data rate based on whether the remote receiving node indicated reception of the data transmission. The processor may determine a table of success ratios for each antenna configuration and may rank each antenna configuration by the success ratio. The processor may transmit with an unused antenna configuration to probe the unused antenna configuration and update the table of success ratios. Similarly, the processor may maintain a table of effective user data rates, rank each physical data rate by the effective user data rate and probe unused physical data rates to update the table.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional and claims the priority benefit ofpatent application Ser. No. 11/180,329 filed Jul. 12, 2005 now U.S. Pat.No. 7,899,497 and entitled “System and Method for Transmission ParameterControl for an Antenna Apparatus with Selectable Elements,” which claimsthe priority benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/602,711filed Aug. 18, 2004 and entitled “Planar Antenna Apparatus for IsotropicCoverage and QoS Optimization in Wireless Networks,” U.S. provisionalapplication No. 60/603,157 filed on Aug. 18, 2004 and entitled “Softwarefor Controlling a Planar Antenna Apparatus for Isotropic Coverage andQoS Optimization in Wireless Networks,” and U.S. provisional applicationNo. 60/625,331 filed on Nov. 5, 2004 and entitled “Systems and Methodsfor Improved Data Throughput in Wireless Local Area Networks.” Thedisclosure of each of the aforementioned applications is incorporatedherein by reference. This application is related to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/010,076 filed on Dec. 9, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No.7,292,198 which issued on Nov. 6, 2007, and entitled “System and Methodfor an Omnidirectional Planar Antenna Apparatus with SelectableElements,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/022,080 filed on Dec. 23,2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,193,562 which issued on Mar. 20, 2007, andentitled “Circuit Board Having a Peripheral Antenna Apparatus withSelectable Antenna Elements,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/041,145 filed on Jan. 21, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,362,280 whichissued on Apr. 22, 2008, and entitled “System and Method for a MinimizedAntenna Apparatus with Selectable Elements.” The disclosure of each ofthe aforementioned applications is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to wireless communicationnetworks, and more particularly to a system and method for transmissionparameter control for an antenna apparatus with selectable elements.

2. Description of Related Art

In communications systems, there is an ever-increasing demand for higherdata throughput and a corresponding drive to reduce interference thatcan disrupt data communications. For example, in an IEEE 802.11 network,an access point (i.e., a base station) communicates data with one ormore remote receiving nodes over a wireless link. The wireless link maybe susceptible to interference from other access points, other radiotransmitting devices, or disturbances in the environment of the wirelesslink between the access point and the remote receiving node, amongothers. The interference may be to such a degree as to degrade thewireless link, for example, by forcing communication at a lower datarate. The interference also may be sufficiently strong enough tocompletely disrupt the wireless link.

One method for reducing interference in the wireless link between theaccess point and the remote receiving node is to provide severalomnidirectional antennas for the access point, in a “diversity” scheme.For example, a common configuration for the access point comprises adata source coupled via a switching network to two or more physicallyseparated omnidirectional antennas. The access point may select one ofthe omnidirectional antennas by which to maintain the wireless link.Because of the separation between the omnidirectional antennas, eachantenna experiences a different signal environment, and each antennacontributes a different interference level to the wireless link. Theswitching network couples the data source to whichever of theomnidirectional antennas experiences the least interference in thewireless link.

Current methods that provide switching among antenna configurations,such as diversity antennas, and previous methods of controlling antennasegments, are unable to effectively minimize the interference from otheraccess points, other radio transmitting devices, or disturbances in theenvironment of the wireless link between the access point and the remotereceiving node. Typically, methods for antenna configuration selectionare of the trial-and-error approach. In a trial-and-error approach, atransmission is made on each antenna configuration to determine whichantenna configuration provides a more effective wireless link (e.g., asmeasured by a packet error ratio). The trial-and-error approach isinefficient, as it generally requires transmission on a “bad” antennaconfiguration to determine the poor quality of that antennaconfiguration. Further, the trial-and-error approach becomesincreasingly inefficient with a large number of antenna configurations.

Additionally, current methods may require measurements of parameterssuch as voltage standing wave ratio, signal quality, or bit error ratefor each antenna configuration. Such measurements can take a significantamount of time to compute, and may require large numbers of data packetsto be transmitted before the measurements can be performed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to systems and methods fortransmission parameter control. A system comprises an antenna apparatus,a communication device, and a processor. The antenna apparatus includesa plurality of antenna configurations where each antenna configurationcorresponds to a radiation pattern. The communication device convertsdata to a radio frequency signal at one of a plurality of physical datarates. The processor is configured to execute a program to perform amethod of selecting a current antenna configuration of the antennaapparatus, selecting a current physical data rate of the communicationdevice, transmitting a packet with the current antenna configuration toa remote receiving node at the current physical data rate, determiningwhether the remote receiving node received the packet, and changing thecurrent antenna configuration based on the determination.

The system may determine a success ratio for each of the plurality ofantenna configurations by comparing a number of packets transmitted tothe remote receiving node and a number of packets indicated as receivedby the remote receiving node. In some embodiments, the system ranks eachof the plurality of antenna configurations by the success ratio. Thesystem may change the current antenna configuration by selecting one ofthe plurality of antenna configurations having a higher success ratiothan the current antenna configuration. The system may further determinea link quality metric, such as received signal strength indicator (RSSI)for each of the plurality of antenna configurations.

In some embodiments, the system selects an unused antenna configuration,transmits a probe packet with the unused antenna configuration to theremote receiving node, determines whether the remote receiving nodereceived the probe packet, and changes the ranking of the unused antennaconfiguration based on the determination whether the remote receivingnode received the probe packet. Similarly, the system may probe unusedphysical data rates. The system determines an effective user data ratefor each of the plurality of physical data rates based on a number ofpackets transmitted to the remote receiving node, a number of packetsindicated as received by the remote receiving node, and the physicaldata rate. The system may rank each physical data rate by the effectiveuser data rate.

Rather than maintaining transmission parameter control data for each ofa plurality of antenna configurations and each of a plurality ofphysical data rates, an alternative method includes mapping each of theplurality of antenna configurations to a logical antenna, mapping eachof the physical data rates to a logical data rate, transmitting a packetto the remote receiving node with the first logical antenna at the firstlogical data rate, determining whether the remote receiving nodereceived the packet, and changing the first logical antenna based on thedetermination. The method further computes a first link quality metricfor the first logical data rate, selects a second logical antenna,transmits a probe packet to the remote receiving node with the secondlogical antenna, determines a second link quality metric based on adetermination whether the remote receiving node received the probepacket, and changes the first logical antenna to the second logicalantenna based on the second link quality metric. Similarly, the methodmay compute a first effective user data rate for the first logical datarate, select a second logical data rate, transmit a probe packet to theremote receiving node at the second logical data rate, determine asecond effective user data rate based on a determination whether theremote receiving node received the probe packet, and change the firstlogical data rate to the second logical antenna based on the secondeffective user data rate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will now be described with reference to drawingsthat represent embodiments of the invention. In the drawings, likecomponents have the same reference numerals. The illustrated embodimentsare intended to illustrate, but not to limit the invention. The drawingsinclude the following figures:

FIG. 1 illustrates a system comprising an antenna apparatus withselectable elements, in one embodiment in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 illustrates various radiation patterns resulting from selectingdifferent antenna configurations of the antenna apparatus of FIG. 1, inone embodiment in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of the system of FIG. 1,in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary software layer,device driver, and a hardware layer of the system, in one embodiment inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary table of transmission control datashowing a success ratio and a received signal strength indicator formultiple antenna configurations, in one embodiment in accordance withthe present invention;

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method fortransmission control selection, in one embodiment in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for feedbackprocessing, in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention;and

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary table of effective user data rates formultiple physical data rates, in one embodiment in accordance with thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A system for a wireless (i.e., radio frequency or RF) link to a remotereceiving device includes a communication device for generating an RFsignal, an antenna apparatus with selectable antenna elements fortransmitting and/or receiving the RF signal, and a processor forcontrolling the communication device and the antenna apparatus. Thecommunication device converts data packets into RF at one of a pluralityof selectable physical data rates. Each antenna element of the antennaapparatus provides gain (with respect to isotropic) and a directionalradiation pattern, and may be electrically selected (e.g., switched onor off) so that the antenna apparatus may form a configurable (i.e.,direction agile) radiation pattern. The processor selects the antennaconfiguration so that interference may be minimized in the wireless linkto the remote receiving node. The processor also selects the physicaldata rate to maximize data transmission speed.

For example, due to interference from other radio transmitting devices,or disturbances in the wireless link between the system and the remotereceiving device, the processor may select an antenna configuration witha resulting radiation pattern that minimizes the interference. Theprocessor may select an antenna configuration corresponding to a maximumgain between the system and the remote receiving device. Alternatively,the processor may select an antenna configuration corresponding to lessthan maximal gain, but corresponding to reduced interference in thewireless link. Similarly, the processor may select a physical data ratethat maximizes data transmission speed, referred to herein as aneffective user data rate, over the wireless link to the remote receivingdevice.

FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 comprising an antenna apparatus withselectable elements, in one embodiment in accordance with the presentinvention. The system 100 may comprise, for example without limitation,a transmitter and/or a receiver, such as an 802.11 access point, an802.11 receiver, a set-top box, a laptop computer, a television, aPCMCIA card, a remote control, and a remote terminal such as a handheldgaming device. In some exemplary embodiments, the system 100 comprisesan access point for communicating with one or more remote receivingnodes over a wireless link, for example, in an 802.11 wireless network.Typically, the system 100 may receive data from a router connected tothe Internet (not shown), and the system 100 may transmit the data toone or more remote receiving nodes (e.g., receiving nodes 130A-130C).The system 100 may also form a part of a wireless local area network(LAN) by enabling communications among two or more of the remotereceiving nodes 130A-130C. Although this disclosure will focus on aspecific embodiment for the system 100, aspects of the invention areapplicable to a wide variety of appliances, and are not intended to belimited to the disclosed embodiment. For example, although the system100 will be described as the access point for an 802.11 wirelessnetwork, the system 100 may also comprise the remote receiving node130A.

The system 100 includes a communication device 120 (e.g., a transceiver)and an antenna apparatus 110. The communication device 120 comprisesvirtually any device for converting data at a physical data rate and forgenerating and/or receiving a corresponding RF signal. The communicationdevice 120 may include, for example, a radio modulator/demodulator forconverting data received by the system 100 (e.g., from a router) intothe RF signal for transmission to one or more of the remote receivingnodes 130A-130C. In some embodiments, for example, the communicationdevice 120 comprises circuitry for receiving data packets of video fromthe router and circuitry for converting the data packets into 802.11compliant RF signals.

The antenna apparatus 110 includes a plurality of individuallyselectable antenna elements (not shown). When selected, each of theantenna elements produces a directional radiation pattern with gain (ascompared to an omnidirectional antenna). As described further, theantenna apparatus 110 includes an antenna element selector device 310 toselectively couple one or more of the antenna elements to thecommunication device 120. Various embodiments of the antenna apparatus110 and the antenna element selector device 310 are further described inco-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/010,076 entitled “Systemand Method for an Omnidirectional Planar Antenna Apparatus withSelectable Elements,” filed on Dec. 9, 2004, U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/022,080 entitled “Circuit Board Having a Peripheral AntennaApparatus with Selectable Antenna Elements,” filed on Dec. 23, 2004, andU.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/041,145 entitled “System and Methodfor a Minimized Antenna Apparatus with Selectable Elements,” filed onJan. 21, 2005.

FIG. 2 illustrates various radiation patterns resulting from selectingdifferent antenna elements of the antenna apparatus 110 of FIG. 1, inone embodiment in accordance with the present invention. The antennaapparatus 110 used to produce the radiation pattern of FIG. 2 comprisesfour selectable antenna elements {A|B|C|D}. The antenna elements(referred to as antenna elements A-D) are offset from each other by 90degrees. Each antenna element produces a similar radiation patternoffset from the other radiation patterns (e.g., the radiation pattern ofthe antenna element A is offset by 90 degrees from the radiation patternof the antenna element B). Accordingly, selecting one or more of theantenna elements A-D produces 15 different radiation patterns. Onlythree of the radiation patterns are shown in FIG. 2, for clarity ofexplanation.

A first radiation pattern 215 is produced by selecting the antennaelement A. The radiation pattern is a generally cardioid patternoriented with a center at about 315 degrees in azimuth. A secondradiation pattern 205, depicted as a dotted line, is produced byselecting the antenna element B. The antenna element B is offset 90degrees from antenna element A. The radiation pattern 205 is thereforeoriented with a center at about 45 degrees in azimuth. A combinedradiation pattern 210, depicted as a bold line, results from selectingthe antenna element A and the antenna element B. It will be appreciatedthat by selecting one or more of the antenna elements A-D, fifteenradiation patterns can be produced by the antenna apparatus 110.

Not shown, for clarity, is a substantially omnidirectional radiationpattern that may be produced by selecting two or more of the antennaelements A-D. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the antennaapparatus 110 may produce a range of radiation patterns, ranging fromhighly directional to omnidirectional. Accordingly, the resultingradiation patterns are also referred as antenna configurations.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of the system 100, in oneembodiment in accordance with the present invention. The system 100includes a processor 320 coupled to a memory 330. In some embodiments,the processor 320 may comprise a microcontroller, a microprocessor, oran application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The processor 320executes a program stored in the memory 330. The memory 330 also storestransmission control data, which may be retrieved by the processor 320to control selection of the antenna configuration of the antennaapparatus 110 and selection of the physical data rate of thecommunication device 120.

The processor 320 is coupled to the antenna element selector device 310by a control bus 340. The antenna element selector device 310 is coupledto the antenna apparatus 110 to allow selection from among the multipleradiation patterns described in FIG. 2. The processor 320 controls theantenna element selector device 310 to select an antenna configuration(i.e., one of the multiple radiation patterns) of the antenna apparatus110.

The processor 320 is further coupled to the communication device 120 bythe control bus 340. The processor 320 controls the communication device120 to select a physical data rate (i.e., one of the multiple physicaldata rates). The processor 320 controls the physical data rate at whichthe communication device 120 converts data bits into RF signals fortransmission via the antenna apparatus 110.

In some embodiments, the processor 320 may receive packet data,Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) packet data, or User DatagramProtocol (UDP) packet data from an external local area network (LAN)350. The processor 320 converts the TCP or UDP packet data into an802.11 wireless protocol. The processor 320 selects an antennaconfiguration of the antenna apparatus 110 and sends the 802.11 wirelessprotocol to the communication device 120 for conversion at the physicaldata rate into RF for transmission via the antenna apparatus 110 to theremote receiving node (e.g., the remote receiving node 130A) over thewireless link (e.g., the wireless link 140A).

Generally, a method executed by the processor 320 for selecting theantenna configuration comprises creating a table having transmissionparameter control data for each remote receiving node 130. The tableincludes link quality metrics for each antenna configuration. Someexamples of link quality metrics are a success ratio, an effective userdata rate, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI), and error vectormagnitude (EVM).

In one embodiment, the success ratio is defined as a number of datapackets indicates as received by the particular remote receiving node130 divided by a number of data packets transmitted to the remotereceiving node 130. The success ratio may be dependent on the physicaldata rate used to transmit on the antenna configuration. Advantageously,the table may be sorted by the success ratio, for example, so thathighly successful antenna configurations may be preferably selected.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary software layer 405, adevice driver 450, and a hardware layer 455, in one embodiment inaccordance with the present invention. The software layer 405 and thedevice driver 450 comprise instructions executed by the processor 320(in FIG. 3). The hardware layer 455 comprises hardware elements of thesystem 100 described with respect to FIG. 3, such as the antennaselector device 310 and the communication device 120. Although describeas software and hardware elements, aspects of the invention may beimplemented with any combination of software, hardware, and firmwareelements.

The software layer 405 includes a transmission control selection 410 anda feedback module 420. The transmission control selection 410 includes aprobe scheduler 415. The feedback module 420 includes a database 425.The hardware layer 455 includes a transmitter 460 and a receiver 465.

The transmission control selection 410 is linked to the feedback module420. The transmission control selection 410 communicates with the devicedriver 450 via link 430. The feedback module communicates with thedevice driver 450 via link 435. The device driver 450 receives packetsvia link 440 from the software layer 405 and sends the packets to thetransmitter 460 in the hardware layer 455. The device driver 450 alsoreceives packets from the receiver 465 in the hardware layer 455 andsends the packets to the software layer 405 via link 445.

The transmission control selection 410 comprises software elementsconfigured to select for the device driver 450 the current antennaconfiguration and the current physical data rate based on the feedbackmodule 420 or based on the probe scheduler 415. The probe scheduler 415comprises software elements configured to determine for the transmissioncontrol selection 410 an unused antenna configuration and an unusedphysical data rate based on predetermined criteria. One example of thepredetermined criteria is determining an unused antenna configurationafter the device driver 450 indicates as received 5 consecutive packets.The feedback module 420 comprises software elements configured to updatelink quality metrics for each antenna configuration and each physicaldata rate based on feedback from the device driver 450. The feedbackmodule 420 is configured to maintain the link quality metrics in thedatabase 425. The operation of the software layer 405, the device driver450, and the hardware layer 455 are described below with respect to FIG.6 and FIG. 7.

An advantage of the system 100 is that the transmission controlselection 410 may select, for example, an antenna configuration for theantenna apparatus 110 that minimizes interference for communicating overthe wireless link 140A to the remote receiving node 130A based onfeedback (i.e., direct or indirect) from the receiving node. The devicedriver 450 indicates whether the remote receiving node receivedtransmitted packets on a particular antenna configuration and physicaldata rate. Further, the transmission selection control 410 may selectanother antenna configuration for communicating over the wireless link140B to the remote receiving node 130B based on the feedback, therebychanging the radiation pattern of the antenna apparatus 110 to minimizeinterference in the wireless link 140A and/or the wireless link 140B.

The transmission control selection 410 may select the appropriateantenna configuration corresponding to a maximum gain for the wirelesslinks 140A-140C. Alternatively, the transmission control selection 410may select the antenna configuration corresponding to less than maximalgain, but corresponding to reduced interference, in the wireless links140A-140C. A further advantage is that transmission control selection410 may select the physical data rate that provides the maximumeffective user data rate at the remote receiving node 130A over thewireless link 140A.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary table 500 of transmission control datashowing a success ratio 540 and a received signal strength indicator(RSSI) 550 for multiple antenna configurations 510, in one embodiment inaccordance with the present invention. The rows of the table 500correspond to the multiple antenna configurations 510 of the antennaapparatus 110. For example, a table of transmission control data for theantenna apparatus 110 having four selectable antenna elements {A, B, C,D}, would have fifteen possible antenna configurations 510 comprisingthe set {A|B|C|D|AB|AC|AD|BC|BD|CD|ABC|ABD|ACD|BCD|ABCD}, and 15 rows oftable entries.

In a preferred embodiment, the table 500 is kept in the database 425(FIG. 4) for each of the remote receiving nodes 130A-C. Each of theremote receiving nodes 130A-C may require different antennaconfigurations and/or physical data rates for optimal performance ofeach of the wireless links 140A-C, therefore multiple table 500s may bekept. For example, if five remote receiving nodes 130A-E were associatedwith the system 100, the processor 320 would maintain a separate table500 for each of the five remote receiving nodes 130A-C. For ease ofdiscussion, only a single table 500 will be discussed.

The table 500 stores, for each antenna configuration 510, a number ofattempted transmissions 520 and a number of successful transmissions530. The feedback module 420 (in FIG. 4) updates the number of attemptedtransmissions 520 for the current antenna configuration after the devicedriver 450 (in FIG. 4) indicates a packet as transmitted the remotereceiving node. The feedback module 420 updates the number of successfultransmissions 530 after the device driver 450 indicates the packet asreceived by the remote receiving node. In some embodiments, rather thanupdating the number of attempted transmissions 420 when the devicedriver transmits the packet, the feedback module 420 may update thenumber of attempted transmissions 520 after the device driver 450indicates whether the remote receiving node received the packet.

The table 500 also stores a success ratio 540 and a RSSI 550. Althoughthe success ratio 540 and the RSSI 550 are illustrated in the table 500,other link quality metrics may be stored in the table 500, such asvoltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), signal quality, bit error rate, anderror vector magnitude (EVM). The success ratio 540 comprises acomputation of the number of successful transmissions 530 divided by thenumber of attempted transmissions 520. The success ratio 540 typicallyis updated by the feedback module 420 for each change in the number ofattempted transmissions 520:

${{Success}\mspace{14mu}{Ratio}\mspace{14mu} 540} = \frac{{Number}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{Attempted}\mspace{14mu}{Transmissions}\mspace{14mu} 520}{{Number}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{Successful}\mspace{14mu}{Transmissions}{\mspace{11mu}\;}530}$

The RSSI 550 comprises an indication of the strength of the incoming(received) signal in the receiver 465 (e.g., as measured on an 802.11ACK packet received from the remote receiving node 130A in response to apacket transmitted to the remote receiving node 130A). The RSSI 550 mayprovide a better measurement than the success ratio 540 fordifferentiating between antenna configurations. The RSSI 550 may providea better link quality metric for determining the current antennaconfiguration when each antenna configuration 510 has small values forthe number of attempted transmissions 520 and the number of successfultransmissions 530.

In one example, if two packets are sent to the remote receiving node130A using two separate antenna configurations and are received, theremay not be enough information based alone on the respective successratios 540 to indicate whether one antenna configuration is morereliable. In other words, each of the two separate antennaconfigurations has a success ratio 540 of 100% (e.g., 2 attemptedtransmissions over 2 successful transmissions). However, the RSSI 550may provide a more precise link quality metric. If one antennaconfiguration has the RSSI 550 value of 110 and the other antennaconfiguration has the RSSI 550 value of 115, for example, then theantenna configuration with the stronger RSSI 550 would potentiallyprovide a more stable wireless link (e.g., over wireless link 140A).

FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method for transmissioncontrol selection with respect to FIGS. 3, 4, and 5, in one embodimentin accordance with the present invention. In step 605, the feedbackmodule 420 initializes the database 425. For example, in the table 500,the feedback module 420 may initialize the number of attemptedtransmissions 520 and the number of successful transmissions 530 tozero. In some embodiments, the feedback module 420 may determinealternative initialization values for the table 500. For example, thefeedback module 420 may determine initialization values for an antennaconfiguration that provides a substantially omnidirectional radiationpattern. The initialization values for the antenna configuration may bea high value for the success ratio 540 or the RSSI 550 to force thetransmission control selection 410 to select the antenna configurationfor the device driver 450.

In step 610, the device driver 450 receives a packet for transmissionfrom the software layer 405. In step 615, device driver 450 determinesthe type of transmission. In general, the device driver 450distinguishes between initial transmission of a packet andretransmission of the packet. Based on a determination to initiallytransmit the packet, the device driver 450 queries the transmissioncontrol selection 410 for the current antenna configuration and thecurrent physical data rate.

In step 620, the transmission control selection 410 determines whetherto perform a probe by referencing the probe scheduler 415. If the probescheduler 415 determines not to perform a probe, in step 625, thetransmission control selection 410 selects the current antennaconfiguration for the antenna apparatus 110 from the multiple antennaconfigurations in the table 500. For example, the transmission controlselection 410 selects the best ranked antenna configuration having thehighest success ratio 540. In an alternative embodiment, thetransmission control selection 410 selects the antenna configurationhaving the highest RSSI 550.

In step 630, the transmission control selection 410 selects the currentphysical data rate from the multiple physical data rates provided by thecommunication device 120, as described further with respect to FIG. 8.The multiple physical data rates may be defined as in the IEEE 802.11specification for wireless networks, including, for example, thephysical data rates of 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, and 11 Mbps for IEEE802.11b. In step 635, the device driver 450 sends the packet to thetransmitter 460 of the hardware layer 455. The transmitter 460 transmitsthe packet on the current antenna configuration at the current physicaldata rate over the wireless link 140 to a particular remote receivingnode (e.g., the remote receiving node 130A).

Referring again to step 615, retransmission of the packet is a highpriority if the packet is not indicated as received by the remotereceiving node 130A. The need for retransmission may indicate problemsin the wireless link 140A. When the packet is to be retransmitted, thetransmission control selection 410 attempts to determine the antennaconfiguration for retransmission and the physical data rate forretransmission that is most likely to be successful. In step 650, thetransmission control selection 410 selects an antenna configuration forretransmission. In some embodiments, the transmission control selection410 selects the next lower ranked antenna configuration in the table500. In step 655, the transmission control selection 410 selects aphysical data rate for retransmission. The transmitter 460 thentransmits the packet in step 635 as described herein.

In some embodiments, in step 650, the transmission control selection 410selects the same current antenna configuration, but, in step 655, thetransmission control selection 410 incrementally lowers the physicaldata rate at which the packet is retransmitted to the remote receivingnode 130A. The lower physical data rate should give the remote receivingnode 130A more time to obtain a successful reception of the packet.

In other embodiments, for each retransmission, in step 650, thetransmission control selection 410 alternates between selecting the nextantenna configuration based on the success ratio 540 and the RSSI 550.For example, on the first retransmission, the transmission controlselection 410 selects the next lower ranked antenna configuration basedon the success ratio 540. If the device driver 450 determines that theremote receiving node 130A did not indicate reception of the packet, thedevice driver 450 will retransmit the packet, and the transmissioncontrol selection 410 will select the next lower ranked antennaconfiguration based on the RSSI 550. For each subsequent retransmissionto the remote receiving node 130A, the transmission control selection410 alternates between selecting antenna configurations based on thesuccess ratio 540 and the RSSI 550.

Referring back to step 620, when a number of consecutive packets aresuccessfully transmitted to and indicated as received by the remotereceiving node 130A, indicating stability in the wireless link 140A, thetransmission control selection 410 may determine to perform a probe ofunused antenna configurations. Probing is the temporary changing of thecurrent antenna configuration to one of the unused antennaconfigurations for transmission of a packet. The unused antennaconfiguration is any antenna configuration that is not the currentantenna configuration. Probing allows the feedback module 420 to updatethe values of the table 500 for the unused antenna configurations.Probing consciously and temporarily changes the current antennaconfiguration to ensure that the database 425 is not stale.Additionally, probing allows the system 100 to anticipate changes in thewireless link 140A.

Based on a positive determination to perform a probe by referencing theprobe scheduler 415, the transmission control selection 410 in step 640selects an unused antenna configuration. Transmitting on the unusedantenna configuration may result in a higher ranked success ratio 540than the current antenna configuration. Additionally, in step 645, thetransmission control selection 410 also may probe an unused physicaldata rate as discussed further below. In step 635, the transmitter 460transmits the probe packet to the remote receiving node 130A.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method for feedbackprocessing with respect to FIGS. 3,4, and 5, in one embodiment inaccordance with the present invention. In this example, the methodbegins in step 705 after transmission of the packet, as described withrespect to FIG. 6. In step 710, the feedback module 420 increments thenumber of attempted transmissions 520 for the current antennaconfiguration.

In step 715, the device driver 450 determines whether the remotereceiving node 130A indicated reception of the transmitted packet asdiscussed in regard to FIG. 6. If the remote receiving node 130Aindicated reception of the packet, in step 720, the feedback module 420increments the number of successful transmissions 530 for the currentantenna configuration. In step 725, in some embodiments, whether theremote receiving node 130A indicated reception of the packet or not, thefeedback module 420 computes the success ratio 540 for each antennaconfiguration 510.

As previously discussed with respect to FIG. 5, the feedback module 420determines a variety of link quality metrics which allow thetransmission control selection 410 to select an antenna configuration.For example, in step 730, the feedback module 420 may determine the RSSI550 for each antenna configuration 510 for the remote receiving node130A. In step 735, the feedback module 420 may determine the effectiveuser data rate for each physical data rate of each antenna configuration510.

In step 740, the feedback module 420 ranks each of the antennaconfigurations 510 by the success ratio 540. In step 745, the feedbackmodule 420 may also rank the antenna configurations 510 by the RSSI 550.As described further with respect to FIG. 8, in step 750, the feedbackmodule 420 may rank each physical data rate of each antennaconfiguration 510 for the remote receiving node 130A by the effectiveuser data rate. This enables the transmission control selection 410 toselect a physical data rate that may have a higher effective user datarate than the current physical data rate.

Advantageously, the software layer 405 determines link quality metrics,such as the success ratio 540 and the RSSI 550, such that for eachpacket, an antenna configuration is selected having a high success ratio540 to transmit to the remote receiving nodes 130A-130C via the wirelesslinks 140A-140C. This provides greater throughput because the softwarelayer 405 may select from those antenna configurations having highsuccess ratios. Additionally, the software layer 405 minimized packetloss because the feedback module 420 constantly processes link qualitymetrics to determine the stability of the wireless links 140A-C to theremote receiving nodes 130A-C.

In some alternative embodiments, with respect to retransmission asdescribed with respect to FIG. 6, if the device driver 450 determinesthat the remote receiving node 130A did not indicate reception of thetransmitted packet, the transmission control selection 410 may executean alternative method to select the new antenna configuration tofacilitate retransmission of the packet over the wireless link 140A tothe remote receiving node 130A. For example, the transmission controlselection 410 may select the new antenna configuration as the next lowerranked antenna configuration in the table 500. The transmission controlselection 410 may, for each subsequent retransmission of the packet,select the new antenna configuration as a next lower ranked antennaconfiguration.

In this manner, the transmission control selection 410 may select a newantenna configuration by “walking down” the ranked table 500 until anantenna configuration successfully transmits the packet. However,because the wireless link 140 may change dramatically at any time,walking down the table 500 may not rapidly find a new good antennaconfiguration. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the transmission controlselection 410 may select up to three next lower ranked antennaconfigurations on which to retransmit. If none of these relativelyhighly ranked antenna configurations is successful, then the wirelesslink 140A may have changed, and the transmission control selection 410may randomly select the new antenna configuration from among any of theremaining available antenna configurations. In this manner, thetransmission control selection 410 does not waste time searchingsequentially through the table 500 for a good antenna configuration.

In some embodiments, the feedback module 420 may further optimizeselecting the new antenna configuration. In these embodiments, the table500 in the database 425 may be “aged.” For example, if successfultransmission for a number of packets is disrupted on the current antennaconfiguration because of interference, the transmission controlselection 410 may not rapidly change the current antenna configurationin response to the interference. An increase in the number ofunsuccessful transmissions will only slightly decrease the success ratio540 for the current antenna configuration.

For example, if the wireless link 140A has been successful for 80 out of100 packet transmissions, the wireless link 140A will have an 80%success ratio 540. If the wireless link 140A encounters 5 consecutiveunsuccessful packet transmissions, the success ratio 540 drops toapproximately 76%. However, by having the feedback module 420 age thetable 500 by a predetermined value, such as 2, the transmission controlselection 410 will be more sensitive to change in the wireless link140A, thereby improving the speed of selecting the new antennaconfiguration.

Referring again to the example, after aging the table 500, the currentantenna configuration would have 40 successful transmissions out of 50attempted transmissions, again having a success ratio 540 of 80%. If thewireless link 140A again encounters 5 consecutive unsuccessful packettransmissions, the success ratio drops to approximately 72%. In thismanner, by aging of the table 500 by the feedback module 420, a smallernumber of unsuccessful transmissions may have a greater impact on thesuccess ratio of the current antenna configuration, thereby allowing thetransmission control selection 410 to more rapidly determine a betternew antenna configuration.

In another embodiment, the transmission control selection 410 may selectthe new antenna configuration from antenna configurations “historically”known to have a higher success ratio 540. For example, over a period oftime the feedback module 420 may rank one or more antenna configurationsas having a consistently higher success ratio 540. The transmissioncontrol selection 410 may select the new antenna configuration fromamong the historically good antenna configurations.

In yet another embodiment, the feedback module 420 may incorporate athreshold value in the ranking of the antenna configurations 510. Thethreshold value sets a limit above which the success ratio 540 of anantenna configuration must reach before the antenna configuration isranked higher and/or lower than the current antenna configuration. Forexample, a threshold value set to 3% prevents the transmission controlselection 410 from selecting a new antenna configuration having asuccess ratio 540 only 1% higher than the success ratio 540 of thecurrent antenna configuration.

Thus, the incorporation of the threshold value provides stability to thewireless links 140A-C because the transmission control selection 405will not change to the new antenna configuration unless the new antennaconfiguration has a sufficiently higher success ratio 540 than thecurrent antenna configuration. Providing the threshold value limits theoverhead associated with selecting from all of the antennaconfigurations 510, while still allowing new antenna configurations withsufficiently higher success ratios 540 to be selected.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary table 800 of effective user data rates820 for multiple physical data rates 810, in one embodiment inaccordance with the present invention. The feedback module 420 (i.e.,executed by the processor 320) maintains the table 800 in the database425 for each allowable antenna configuration 510 of the antennaapparatus 110 and for each remote receiving node 130A-C. However, forclarity, the method will describe the table 800 for only the currentantenna configuration.

The table 800 includes a computation of the effective user data rate 820for each allowable physical data rate 810. In one embodiment, theeffective user data rate 820 for a particular physical data rate iscomputed as the product of the success ratio 540 (FIG. 5) associatedwith the current antenna configuration and the transactional throughputof the physical data rate. For example, the effective user data rate 820for the physical data rate of 54 Mbps for an antenna configurationhaving the success ratio 540 of 80% is computed as follows:success ratio 540=80%physical data rate=54 Mbpsprotocol overhead=26.7 Mbpseffective user data rate 820=80%*(54 Mpbs−26.7 Mbps)=21.84 Mbps.

The feedback module 420 computes and tracks the effective user data rate820 for each allowable physical data rate 810 because a higher physicaldata rate does not necessarily lead to a higher data throughput over thewireless links 140A-C. For example, switching to a lower physical datarate for an antenna configuration with a relatively high success ratio540 may provide higher overall data throughput than switching to ahigher physical data rate for an antenna configuration having arelatively lower success ratio 540. In this way, the transmissioncontrol selection 410 may change the current physical data rate to thenew physical data rate which provides the higher effective user datarate 820 over the wireless links 140A-C.

Similar to the method of probing described with respect to FIG. 6 forprobing unused antenna configurations, the probe scheduler 415 (FIG. 4)may determine to probe one or more unused physical data rates to selectthe new physical data rate. By probing, the feedback module 420 mayupdate the table 800 for the unused physical data rates. The feedbackmodule 420 then determines the effective user data rate 820 for theunused physical data rate and ranks the table 800 by the effective userdata rate 820. Thereafter, the transmission control selection 410 mayselect the new physical data rate having the higher effective user datarate 820. Therefore, the feedback module 420 prevents the table 800 datafrom becoming stale and facilitates selection of the appropriate newphysical data rate.

To further optimize selecting the new physical data rate, in someembodiments, the feedback module 420 ages the table 800 in the database425 in a manner similar to the description herein with respect to theaging of table 500. Thus, the transmission control selection 410 maymore rapidly determine the new physical data rate. In anotherembodiment, the transmission control selection 410 may select the newphysical data rate from the physical data rates 810 “historically” knownto have a higher effective user data rate 820. Thus, the feedback module420 may track the physical data rate having the consistently highereffective user data rate 820. The transmission control selection 410selects the new physical data rate from among the historically higherphysical data rates.

In yet another embodiment, the feedback module 420 may execute a methodfor incorporating a threshold value for selecting the new physical datarate. The threshold value sets a limit above which the effective userdata rate 820 of a physical data rate must reach before that physicaldata rate is selected as the new physical data rate. Thus, theincorporation of the threshold value allows the software layer 405 tomaximize data throughput, while still allowing physical data rates withsufficiently higher effective user data rates 820 to be selected as thenew physical data rate.

In some embodiments, rather than the feedback module 420 maintaining theentire table 500 and the entire table 800 in the database 425, thefeedback module 420 may track the success ratio 540 for a limited numberof antenna configurations and the effective user data rate 820 for alimited number of physical data rates 810. By tracking the limitednumber of antenna configurations and the limited number of physical datarates 810, the feedback module 420 requires less memory and processingtime to maintain and determine the respective success ratio 540 and theeffective user data rate 820.

To track the limited number of antenna configurations, the feedbackmodule 420 maps the allowable antenna configurations into logicalantennas and defines a relationship between each logical antenna and atleast one other logical antenna. The feedback module 420 also maps theallowable physical data rates 810 into logical data rates and defines arelationship between each logical data rate and at least one otherlogical data rate.

For the purposes of illustration, one exemplary mapping defines thecurrent logical antenna as having an upper logical antenna and a lowerlogical antenna. For example, referring again to FIG. 2, if the currentlogical antenna corresponds to the antenna configuration having theradiation pattern 215, the upper logical antenna may be the antennaconfiguration having radiation pattern 205. The lower logical antennamay be the antenna configuration having the combined radiation pattern210. Note that the current logical antenna, the upper logical antenna,and the lower logical antenna may be any of the antenna configurations,and need not be “neighboring” antenna configurations as depicted in FIG.2.

Similarly, the exemplary mapping for the current logical data ratedefines the current logical antenna as having an upper logical data rateand a lower logical data rate. For example, for 802.11a, the currentlogical data rate corresponding to the physical data rate of 36 Mbps hasan upper logical data rate corresponding to the physical data rate of 48Mbps and a lower logical data rate corresponding to the physical datarate of 24 Mbps.

Therefore, by defining current, upper, and lower mappings, the feedbackmodule 420 tracks three values for the success ratio 540 and threevalues for the effective user data rate 820. The feedback module 420 isable to rapidly rank from the mappings a new logical antenna or logicaldata rate which may be used for transmission via the wireless links140A-C. It will be understood by the skilled artisan that variousalternative mappings may be implemented and tracked by the feedbackmodule 420 without departing from the spirit of the invention asdescribed herein (for example, an upper upper logical antenna and alower lower logical antenna).

In operation, the transmission control selection 410 may select, fortransmission of a packet by the device driver 450, the upper logicalantenna or the lower logical antenna that has a higher success ratio 540than the current logical antenna. To determine whether the upper logicalantenna or the lower logical antenna has a higher success ratio 540, thetransmission control selection 410 periodically probes, or transmitspackets on, the upper logical antenna and the lower logical antennaallowing the feedback module 420 to update the database 425. Then, iftransmission control selection 410 determines to change the currentlogical antenna, the feedback module 420 determines whether the upperlogical antenna or the lower logical antenna provides the higher successratio 540 and the transmission control selection 410 selects thatlogical antenna as the new logical antenna.

Similarly, the feedback module 420 executes a method for optimizing thephysical data rate. By determining the effective user data rate 820 forthe upper logical data rate or the lower logical data rate, thetransmission control selection 410 may change the current logical datarate to the new logical data rate that provides the higher effectiveuser data rate 820 over the wireless links 140A-C. The transmissioncontrol selection 410 may probe the upper logical data rate and thelower logical data rate to allow the feedback module 420 to update thedatabase 425 and determine which logical data rate provides the highereffective user data rate 820.

The transmission control selection 410 may further execute otheroptimizations for the selection of the new logical antenna or the newlogical data rate. In one embodiment, the transmission control selection410 alternately transmits a packet on the upper logical antenna and thelower logical antenna for each transmission on the current logicalantenna. This provides the advantage of quickly converging to the newlogical antenna having the higher success ratio 540, because a probe issent alternatively on the upper logical antenna and the lower logicalantenna in an effort to determine if either the upper logical antenna orthe lower logical antenna has a higher success ratio 540 than thecurrent logical antenna. Similarly, the transmission control selection410 may rapidly converge on the new logical data rate having the highereffective user data rate 820 by transmitting a packet at the upperlogical data rate and the lower logical data rate. In some embodiments,the transmission control selection 410 may periodically probe on theupper and lower logical antennas and/or the upper and lower logical datarates. For example, the transmission control selection 410 may probeonce on the upper and lower logical antennas for every 5 packets sent onthe current logical antenna.

The invention has been described herein in terms of several preferredembodiments. Other embodiments of the invention, including alternatives,modifications, permutations and equivalents of the embodiments describedherein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from considerationof the specification, study of the drawings, and practice of theinvention. The embodiments and preferred features described above shouldbe considered exemplary, with the invention being defined by theappended claims, which therefore include all such alternatives,modifications, permutations and equivalents as fall within the truespirit and scope of the present invention. It will be recognized thatthe terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” as used herein, arespecifically intended to be read as open-ended terms of art.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for wireless communication, comprising:a plurality of antenna elements including one or more selectablehorizontally polarized antennas and one or more selectable verticallypolarized antennas that transmit or receive a radio frequency (RF)signal with a remote node through a wireless link; an antenna elementselecting device that selects a first combination of one or more of theplurality of antenna elements to transmit or receive an RF signal; andinterference detection circuitry that detects interference in thewireless link, the antenna element selecting device further selecting asecond combination of one or more of the plurality of antenna elementsto transmit or receive an RF signal when the interference detectioncircuitry detects wireless link interference.
 2. The system of claim 1,wherein the interference detecting circuitry includes a processor thatexecutes code that detects feedback in a signal received from the remotenode and to select an antenna configuration in response to the feedback.3. The system of claim 1, wherein the interference detecting circuitryselects a physical data rate at which to transmit an RF signal.
 4. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the physical data rate is approximately 2.4gigahertz.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the physical data rate isapproximately 5.0 gigahertz.